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Ta
futa gia to
biontizel
Se oti afora tiV mh trofikeV crhseiV,
ta futika elaia briskoun eurh crhsh gia thn paragwgh tou biontizel pou mporei na
crhsimopoihqei stiV mhcaneV ntizel opwV einai h˘ se mixh me ugraerio me
apoliqwmenhproeleush.
Gia auton ton proorismo, oi pio endiaferouseV, cortwdeiV, elaiwdeiV kalliergeieV
einai basikotera o hlianqoV, braskh kai sogia, carakthrismeneV apo mia kalh
prosarmogh sto italiko periballon kalliergeiaV, me hpio klima, kai pou na
prosferei uyhleV apodoseiV tou
proiontoV. Epishmainetai epishV pwV dunamikotera to biontizel mporei na parqei
apo elaia diaforetikhV proeleushV, kai zwikhV,alla kai apo ekculismata apo
foinika, karudaV, aracidaV kai bambakiou, kalliergeieV pou omwV einai tupikeV
twn pio qermwn periocwn, h˘ apo eidh opwV rikino, linari, kannabi pou,
antiqetwV, ektimountai deutereV h˘ katwtereV gia thn Italia. Ena shmantiko
diakrinwn stoiceio gia auton ton proorismoparousiazetai apo thn oxinh sunqesh
twn elaiwn, pou mporei omwV na epirreasei thn telikh poiothta tou kausimou. Gia
auto to logo, oi kalliergeieV shmera me perissotero endiaferon einai h braskh
kai o hlianqoV, carakthrismenoi apo mia kalh parousia tou oxewV(Bouaid
et al.,
2007). To biontizel sumferei sigoura gia oso anafora tiV ligotereV epikinduneV
ekboleV opwV dioxeidio tou qeiou kai epishV crhsimopoieitai sthn antikatastash
twn kausimwn me apoliqwmenh proeleush, de ferei epipleon kinhtopoihseiV tou
anqraka. PragmatopoihmeneV meleteV se kalliergeieV thV braskhV kai tou hlianqou
edeixan mia shmantikh metablhtikothta sthn dexiothta akinhtopoihshV tou
CO2
me baqmouV pou talantaiontai metaxu twn 4.000 kai 23.000 Kg/ha.
Auth h dexiothta deicnei pwV h tecnikh thV kalliergeiaV, se scesh me th
gonimothta tou edafouV kai twn eidikwn problhmatismwn twn epiceirhsewn mporei na
apodeicqei polu diaforopoihmenh gia oso anafora thn kallierghtikh
entatikopoihsh, gia ariqmo kai entash twn ergasiwn, dosh twn lipasmatwn, ardeush
kai gia thn katafugh se diaforeV tecnikeV elegcou twn epiblabwn cortwn kai twn
parasitwn(Altin et. al., 2000).
O
HLIANQOS GIA TO BIONTIZEL
To
kallierghmeno eidoV Helianthus annuus L.,
anhkei sthn oikogeneia twn
Compositae
kai paristanei mono mia apo ta poluariqma gnwsta eidh tou
Helianthus.
Oi poikilieV tou koinou hlianqou enwqhkan me ekeineV me uyhlo elaiko (HOSO,
High Oleic Sunflower Oil),
apokthmenoi mesw genetikhV metallaxhV, pio katallhleV sthn paragwgh tou
biontizel apo th stigmh pou perilambanoun sto ladi ena polu yhlo pososto elaikou
oxewV, 80-85% se sugkrish me to 40-50% pou breqhke stiV tupikeV poikilieV(Campagna,
Rappanini, 2006).
Genika o hlianqoV einai ena
futo pou ecei riziko susthma
me kuria
riza, baqh, polu diakladwmeno, pou parecei mia kalh antistash sto udriko agcoV,
logoV pou dieukolune thn epektash se alla merh me periorismenh diaqesimothta
nerou. O kormoV einai controV kai kulindrikoV× ta fulla einai
megala,kardioschma, enallassomena. Paragei mia telikh anqotaxia(kefalaki)
onomazomenh kalaqiV, megalou megeqouV, sthn opoia mpainoun ta frouta(sporia)
carakthrismena apo ena yhlo pososto elaiou, pou talantaietai metaxu 45 kai 55%.
Perikleismeno apo th
flouda brisketai to crhsimo meroV tou sporou, to amugdalo, pou paristanei
peripou to70-80% tou barouV kai pou perilambanei perissotero apo to 60% tou
elaiou. To kataloipo ekqlibentwn elaiwdwn porwn meta thn apospash einai
egkekrimeno sth diatrofh twn zwwn, kuriwV gia to uyhlo pososto proteinwn(45% kai
26%). O hlian8oV einai kalliergeia ananewshV, me
earinokuklo
koinwV sparmeno stiV arceV-mesa Apriliou sthn boreia Italia, sta mesa
Martiou-arceV Apriliou sthn kentrikh Italia kai mazeuetai nwritera, hdh apo ta
mesaAugoustou. Ena apo ta ubridia, kallierghmena sth notia Italia, pou
prosarmozetai kala se udriko kai qermiko agcoV einai ekeino pou anhkei sthn
poikilia Mango.
Ta carakthristika tou einai prwimothta thV anqhshV kai thV wrimothtaV, mazi me
mia uyhlh paragwgikh ikanothta× to futo einai gero, omoiomorfo, sugkratimenou
anasthmatoV, me megalh antistash sta fainomena tou riximatoV twn
spartwn(ofeilomeno ston aera h˘ th broch) kai tou koyimatoV, katecei mia eurh
anoch stiV basikeV mukhtwdeiV arrwstieV kai auto tou parecei mia uyhlh ugeia tou
blastou kai thV kalaqiV. O hlianqoV kalliergeitai gia ta sporia pou einai sth
deuterh qesh thV pagkosmiaV paragwghV tou fagwsimou elaiou, kai ta opoia
paragoun peripou 950 litra elaiou ana ektaro. To ladi twn sporwn tou hlianqou
crhmopoieitai sthn kouzina, stiV margarineV kai stiV garnitoureV, alla kai sta
lipantika, sta sapounia, san ladi stiV lampeV kai gia poikilia crwmatwn kai
bafwn. Proercomeno apo thn boreio-dutikh Amerikh,
o hlianqoV ecei mia aperanth
epektash stiV USA.
EisagmenoV scetika arga sthn Eurwph kai th Rwssia, twra megalwnei se polleV
cwreV tropikeV, alla kai hpieV. O hlianqoV ekproswpei to 13% twn phgwn ap˘ opou
apostazetai to biontizel se oliko epipedo.
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