BIO.SIS

Sviluppo di un sistema per la produzione integrata di biodiesel da produzioni agricole

e dallo sfruttamento dei sottoprodotti

Anaptuxh enoV susthmatoV gia thn oloklhrwmenh paragwgh tou biontizel, apo agrotikeV paragwgeV

kai apo thn ekmetalleush twn paraproiontwn

Codice Progetto: I2101020

Titolo del progetto: BIO.SIS

Ta biokausima

Orizetai biokausimo ²ena ugro h¢ aerio kausimo gia tiV metaforeV bgalmeno apo th biomaza². Ta biokausima einai udrogonanqrakeV parmenoi apo thn epexergasia twn futikwn prwtwn ulwn. Briskontai se ugrh morfh(aiqanolh kai biontizel) h¢ ugrh(udrogono kai bioaerio). Ekeina se aeria morfh den einai akoma diadedomena giati den mporoun na crhsimopoihqoun apo to cwro staqmeusewV sthn kukloforia kai apaitoun ena eidiko diktuo dianomhV. Wstoso, ekeina pou einai pio eukola gia crhsh se suntomo crono einai mono ta biokausima se ugrh morfh. H pio endiaferousa apoyh einai oti prokeitai gia ananewsima proionta, afou einai agrotikhV proeleushV, opote mporoume na qewrhsoume san mia eidikh morfh emmeshV crhshV thV hliakhV energeiaV. Ta duo basika eidh ugrwn biokausimwn einai Futika Elaia(alliwV onomazomena bioelaia) apospasmena apoelaiwdeiV futa(braskh, hlianqoV, sogia), crhsimopoihmena kai se akatergasth morfh, alla kai chmika doulemena× kai h aiqulikh alkoolh, parmenh apo zacarwteV kalliergeieV(zacarokalamo, arabositoV,sitari). Otan ufistantai zumwsh ta dhmhtriaka gia thn apokthsh thV bioaiqanolhV, ta paraproionta thV epexergasiaV mporoun nacrhsimopoihqoun sthn trofodosia twn zwwn. Sthn paragwgh apo zacarokalamo apoktatai ena paraproion, pou einai to xulwdeV kataloipo meta
thn exagwgh me ekqliyh tou glukou cumou tou, kai pou mporei na prooristei sthn sumparagwgh thV hlektrikhV energeiaV kai thV qermothtaV. Enallaktika, h bioaiqanolh mporei na paracqei arcizontaV apo kuttarinoeideiV biomazeV, dhladh apo to megalutero meroV twn proiontwn h¢ paraproiontwn twn kalliergeiwn.  Se auth thn  periptwsh h biomaza, meta apo udrolush me epexergasia me qeiiko oxu, gia na paragei sakcara pou epeita qa stalqoun sth zumwsh crhsimopoiontaV bakthriakeV clwrideV. H bioaiqanolh mporei na prosteqei stiV benzineV se ena pososto pou mporei na ftasei mecri to 30% cwriV na creiastei na allaxei h mhcanh. Ta futika elaia crhsimopoiountai gia na pragmatopoihsoun enan antikatastath tou kausimou ntizel kai eggrafontai san ²biontizel²(Demirbas, 2006).

TO BIONTIZEL

To biontizel(FAME: Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) einai me orismo enaV mequlikoV esteraV pou proercetai apo thn metesteropoihsh me meqanolh futikwn elaiwn se alkalikh katalush. Oi estereV einai organikeV enwseiV proiontwn apo thn antidrash sumpuknwshV metaxu miaV alkoolhV kai enoV anqrakikou oxewV. To stiyimo twn sporwntou hlianqou, thV braskhV, thV sogiaV kai allwn kalliergeiwn, epitrepei thn apokthsh duo basikwn proiontwn: apo th mia pleura ena akatergasto elaio(plousio se ekaqarsieV) kai apo thn allh ena upoleimma pou periecei mia uyhlh sugkentrwsh proteinwn. Auto to deutero proion mporei na parousiastei upo morfh ²prwteinikou strwmatoV² kai einai diaqesimo sth biomhcania twn zwotrofwn. An qewrhsoume to elaio thV braskhV, sthn kentrikh Eurwph apo 1 ektario edafouV apoktountai 1,2t
elaiou, pou metatrepontai ex oloklhrou se biontizel. San paraproion tou alesmatoV  thV braskhV, apoktountai epipleon peripou 2t zwotrofwn me uyhlo prwteiniko baqmo, enw apo thn esteropoihsh tou elaiou bgainoun 100kg glukerolhV kai peripou 30kg kalioucou lipasmatoV(Mitterbach, 1996). To rafinismeno elaio einai ena migma  mequlikwn esterwn twn liparwn oxewn pou mporei na crhsimopoihqei kateuqeian san kausimo gia mhcaneV ntizel elafra tropopoihmeneV h¢ na epexergastei chmika gia na ginei omoio me to ugraerio(metesteropoihsh). H antidrash epiferei th diaspash tou
triglukeridiou se proionta antidrashV pio apla pou ekproswpontai apo touV estereV kai pou dhmiourgoun to biontizel(Fukuda et. al., 2001). Afou pragmatopoihqei auth h epexergasia, apoktontai ta duo telika proionta: apo th mia pleura to biontizel, apo thn allh h glukerinh, mia organikh enwsh pou parousiazetai upo morfh puknou kai gloiwdouV ugrou, tou opoiou h crhsh einai gnwsth se poluariqma pedia, apo ton trofiko wV kai ton kalluntiko. H apodosh mporei na kalutereusei metaferontaV thn chmikh isorropia proV ta proionta thV antidrashV crhsimopoiontaV mia uperbolh alkoolhV san antidrasthrio, sunhqwV me analogia 6:1 ,eite apomakrunontaV th glukerolh(Kurzin et. al., 2007). O isologismoV thV mazaV einai:

1000 kg rafinismenou elaiou + 100 kg meqanolhV = 1000 kg biontizel + 100 kg glukerolh

H prwth fash thV paragwgikkhV diadikasiaV einai h epiteuxh tou akatergastou elaiou pou basizetai se mia diadikasia apospashV pou mporei na pragmatopoihqei me fusikeV meqodouV(alesma kai stiyimo) kai/ h¢ chmikeV(mesw thV drashV dialutwn opwV gia paradeigma to exanio). SunhqwV probainoume se sunduasmeneV diadikasieV, arcika fusikeV kai epeita chmikeV. Prwta ap¢ ola, ta sporia apo ta opoia qa apospastei to elaio kaqarizontai gia na apoblhqoun oleV oi parouseV akaqarsieV(cwma, petreV, klp.). Auta meta apofloiwnontai(dhladh apoballontai ta perikalummata) kai aleqontai. Akolouqei h apospash mesw stiyimatoV. AuteV oi faseiV apaitoun mhcaneV  oci polu procwrhmeneV, opote egkatastaseiV pou na mhn einai exezhthmeneV apo thn tecnologikh apoyh. Gia na auxhqei h posothta tou akatergastou elaiou sth mhcanikh apospash, akolouqei h chmikh me dialuteV. H pio crhsimopoihmenh tecnikh einai ekeinhpou problepei ekroeV ulhV kontra sto reuma.To paraproion authV thV fashV ekproswpeitai apo to proteiniko strwma. H antidrash thV metesteropoihshV ginetai se esteropoihteV, h diadikasia lambanei cwra se qermokrasieV gurw stouV 60°C.  Crhsimopoiountai antidrasteV stouV opoiouV to elaio, h alkoolh kai o kataluthV pou ekproswpeitai apo NaOH(udroxeidio tou natriou) anameignuontai sunecwV gia na dieukolunoun touV antidrasteV. Afou teleiwsei h antidrash, o kataluthV oudeteropoieitai kai h alkoolh apomakrunetai. Procwrame epeita ston kaqarismo toubiontizel afairontaV thn paragmenh glukerolh (Van Gerpen, 2005).